Indian Councils Act of 1909 is also known as Morley-Minto Reforms (Lord Morley was the then Secretary of State for India and Lord Minto was the then Viceroy of India). The features of Indian Councils Act of 1909 were as follows: It considerably increased the size of th…

The vision of the National Policy on Information Technology (2012) is to strengthen and enhance India’s position as the Global IT hub and to use IT and cyber space as an engine for rapid, inclusive and substantial growth in the national economy. The policy seeks to ac…

The features of Indian Councils Act of 1892 were as follows: It increased the number of additional (non-official) members in the Central and provincial legislative councils, but maintained the official majority in them. It increased the functions of legislative council…

After the great revolt of 1857, the British Government felt the necessity of seeking the cooperation of the Indians in then administration of their country. In pursuance of this policy of association, three acts were enacted by the British Parliament in 1861, 1892 and …

This significant Act was enacted in the wake of the Revolt of 1857 also known as the First War of Independence or the ‘sepoy mutiny’. The act known as the Act for the Good Government of India, abolished the East India Company, and transferred the powers of Government, …

This Act was the final step towards centralisation in British India. Features of the Act: It made the Governor-General of Bengal as the Governor-General of India and vested in him all civil and military powers. Thus, the act created, for the first time, a Government o…

The features of Charter Act of 1813 were as follows: It abolished the trade monopoly of the company in India i.e., the Indian trade was thrown open to all British merchants. However, it continued the monopoly of the company over trade in tea and trade with China. It as…

The next important act was the Pitt’s India Act of 1784. The features of this Act were as follows: It distinguished between the commercial and political functions of the Company. It allowed the Court of Directors to manage the commercial affairs, but created a new body…

The features of Charter Act of 1793 were as follows: It extended the overriding power given to Lord Cornwallish over his council, to all future Governor-Generals and Governors of Presidencies. It gave the Governor-General more powers and control over the governments o…

A National Population Policy was adopted in 2000. It provides a framework for advancing goals and prioritising strategies during the next decade to meet the reproductive and child health needs of the people of India. It states that the objective of economic and social …

In a bid to rectify the defects of the Regulating Act of 1773, the British Parliament passed the Amending Act of 1781 , also known as the Act of Settlement . The features of this Act were as follows: It exempted the Governor-General and the Council from the jurisdicti…

This act was of great constitutional importance as (a) it was the first step taken by the British Government to control and regulate the affairs of the East India Company in India; (b) it recognised, for the first time, the political and administrative functions of the…

A National Policy on Child Labour was formulated in 1987. It contains the action plan for tackling the problem of child labour. It envisages: A legislative action plan for strict enforcement of Child Labour Act and other labour laws. Focusing and convergence of genera…

The first National Policy for Children was adopted in 1974. This policy was revised and replaced by a new policy in 2013. The new National Policy for Children (2013) reaffirms the government’s commitment to the realisation of the rights of all children in the country. …

The Government of India (GoI) has taken major initiatives to accelerate the development and implementation of e-Governance and to create right environments for introducing G2G, G2B, G2E and G2C services within the country. A National Policy on Open Standards for e-Gove…

The Government had constituted a National Commission on Farmers in 2004 under the chairmanship of Dr. M.S. Swaminathan. The Commission submitted its final report in 2006. Based on the recommendations made by the Commission, the “National Policy for Farmers, 2007” has b…

The National Policy for Persons with Disabilities was adopted in 2006. It recognises that persons with disabilities are a valuable human resource for the country and seeks to create an environment that provides them equal opportunities, protection of their rights and f…

The Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) is responsible for coordination of statistical activities in the country, evolving and maintaining statistical standards. Its activities include national income accounting, conduct of annual survey of industries, economic cens…

The vision of the National Urban Sanitation Policy (2008) is that “all Indian cities and towns become totally sanitized, healthy and liveable and ensure and sustain good public health and environmental outcome for all their citizens with a special focus on hygienic and…

Important Respiratory Organs: The human respiratory system consists of external nares or nistrils, nasal cavity, nasopharnyx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchiole and lungs. The air enters into the nasal cavity through the nostrils. Larynx is a small box and it forms …

In 2009, the Government had comprehensively revised the National Policy on Urban Street Vendors (2004). The revised National Policy on Urban Street Vendors, 2009 aims at fostering a congenial environment for the urban street vendors to carry out their activities witho…

The National Policy for Older Persons (NPOP) was announced in 1999 to reaffirm the commitment to ensure the well-being of the older persons. The policy envisages State support to ensure financial and food security, health care, shelter and other needs of older persons,…

A draft National Health Research Policy was formulated in 2011. Its vision is to maximise the returns on investments in health research through creation of a health research system to prioritise, coordinate, facilitate conduct of effective and ethical health research a…

A National Policy on Disaster Management (NPDM) was adopted in 2009. The objectives of the policy are as follows: Promoting a culture of prevention, preparedness and resilience at all levels through knowledge, innovation and education. Encouraging mitigation measures …

A National Policy for the Empowerment of Women was adopted in 2001. The goal of the policy is to bring about the advancement, development and empowerment of women. Specifically, the objectives of the policy include: Creating an environment through positive economic and…

A National Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation was notified in 2004. This policy laid down immediate provisions for resettlement and rehabilitation of affected families and the States, public sector undertakings or public bodies were free to offer better packages…

A National Policy on Voluntary Organisations (VOs) was announced in 2007. It aims to further strengthen, promote and develop such institutions. As per this policy, by ‘VOs’ are meant organisations engaged in public service, based on ethical, cultural, social, economic…

Consumer Protection Act (1986): The Consumer Protection Act was enacted in 1986 with the objective of providing better protection of consumers’ interests. The Act provides for effective safeguards to consumers against various types of exploitation and unfair dealings. …

Constitutional Rights: The mandate of the Constitution is to ensure equality, freedom, justice and dignity of all individuals including the victims of drug abuse. Article 47 of Part IV (Directive Principles of State Policy) is particularly relevant with regard to the v…

The mandate of the Constitution is to ensure equality, freedom, justice and dignity of all individuals including older persons (or senior citizens). Article 41 of Part IV (Directive Principles of State Policy) is particularly relevant with regard to older persons. It …

Constitutional Rights: The mandate of the Constitution is to ensure equality, freedom, justice and dignity of all individuals, which implies an inclusive society for all, especially the disadvantaged. Article 41 is particularly relevant with regard to disabled persons.…

Constitutional Rights: The Constitution refers to two types of minorities, namely, religious minorities and linguistic minorities. However, the term ‘minority’ has not been defined anywhere in the Constitution. In 1993, the Central Government notified five communities,…

Constitutional Rights: The rights and safeguards embodied in the constitution for the backward classes (BCs) are mentioned below: The State is permitted to make any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens (A…

Constitutional Rights: The Constitution contains various provisions which provide for several rights and safeguards for the scheduled castes (SCs) and the scheduled tribes (STs). While most of these provisions are common to both SCs and STs, some are exclusively meant…

The rights available to children can be classified into two categories, namely, constitutional rights and legal rights. Constitutional Rights: The constitutional rights and safeguards provided to children are mentioned below. The state is empowered to make any special …

The rights available to woman can be classified into two categories, namely, constitutional rights and legal rights. The constitutional rights are those which are provided in the various provisions of the constitution. The legal rights, on the other hand, are those whi…